Original Gazette enactment assented to on 21 August 2025 and commencing on 1 April 2026.
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Search the selected official edition of the Income-tax Acts, 1961 and 2025, alongside their indexes and a smaller collection of verified passages. Extracted statutory text is presented separately from curated passages.
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Income-tax Act, 2025
Complete enacted structure index · 536 sections · 23 chapters · 16 schedules
- Extracted sections
- 536
- Chapters
- 23
- Schedules
- 16
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- 0
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Official current consolidation linked for amendment-aware reading; Finance Act, 2026 changes may differ from the original enactment index.
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Open official source ↗Official public collection · 7 sources · 14 entries · as of 10 Sep 2026
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Statute contents
552 of 552 indexed entriesIncome-tax Act, 2025 index
Section 1Official Gazette index
Short title, extent and commencement.
Chapter I · PRELIMINARY
Heading and reference
Section 2Official Gazette index
Definitions.
Chapter I · PRELIMINARY
Heading and reference
Section 3Official Gazette index
Definition of “tax year”.
Chapter I · PRELIMINARY
Heading and reference
Section 4Official Gazette index
Charge of Income-tax.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 5Official Gazette index
Scope of total income.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 6Official Gazette index
Residence in India.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 7Official Gazette index
Income deemed to be received and dividend deemed to be income in a tax year.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 8Official Gazette index
Income on receipt of capital asset or stock-in-trade by specified person from specified entity.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 9Official Gazette index
Income deemed to accrue or arise in India.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 10Official Gazette index
Apportionment of income between spouses governed by Portuguese Civil Code.
Chapter II · BASIS OF CHARGE
Heading and reference
Section 11Official Gazette index
Incomes not included in total income.
Chapter III · INCOMES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 12Official Gazette index
Incomes not included in total income of political parties and electoral trusts.
Chapter III · INCOMES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 13Official Gazette index
Heads of income.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 14Official Gazette index
Income not forming part of total income and expenditure in relation to such income.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 15Official Gazette index
Salaries.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 16Official Gazette index
Income from salary.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 17Official Gazette index
Perquisite.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 18Official Gazette index
Profits in lieu of salary.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 19Official Gazette index
Deductions from salaries.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 20Official Gazette index
Income from house property.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 21Official Gazette index
Determination of annual value.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 22Official Gazette index
Deductions from income from house property.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 23Official Gazette index
Arrears of rent and unrealised rent received subsequently.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 24Official Gazette index
Property owned by co-owners.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 25Official Gazette index
Interpretation.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 26Official Gazette index
Income under head “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 27Official Gazette index
Manner of computing profits and gains of business or profession.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 28Official Gazette index
Rent, rates, taxes, repairs and insurance.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 29Official Gazette index
Deductions related to employee welfare.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 30Official Gazette index
Deduction on certain premium.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 31Official Gazette index
Deduction for bad debt and provision for bad and doubtful debt.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 32Official Gazette index
Other deductions.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 33Official Gazette index
Deduction for depreciation.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 34Official Gazette index
General conditions for allowable deductions.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 35Official Gazette index
Amounts not deductible in certain circumstances.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 36Official Gazette index
Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 37Official Gazette index
Certain deductions allowed on actual payment basis only.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 38Official Gazette index
Certain sums deemed as profits and gains of business or profession.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 39Official Gazette index
Computation of actual cost.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 40Official Gazette index
Special provision for computation of cost of acquisition of certain assets.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 41Official Gazette index
Written down value of depreciable asset.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 42Official Gazette index
Capitalising impact of foreign exchange fluctuation.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 43Official Gazette index
Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 44Official Gazette index
Amortisation of certain preliminary expenses.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 45Official Gazette index
Expenditure on scientific research.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 46Official Gazette index
Capital expenditure of specified business.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 47Official Gazette index
Expenditure on agricultural extension project and skill development project.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Section 48Official Gazette index
Tea development account, coffee development account and rubber development account.
Chapter IV · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
Heading and reference
Curated verified passages
Public research · read only14 entries
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 68, opening words
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 68: unexplained credit
Section 68 permits a credit to be charged to tax when no explanation of its nature and source is offered, or the Assessing Officer finds the explanation unsatisfactory.
Read verified passage
Where any sum is found credited in the books of an assessee maintained for any previous year
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 68, loan or borrowing proviso
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 68: loan or borrowing proviso
For a loan or borrowing, section 68's proviso addresses an explanation by the person in whose name the credit is recorded and the Assessing Officer's satisfaction.
Read verified passage
where the sum so credited consists of loan or borrowing or any such amount, by whatever name called
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 147, opening words
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 147: income escaping assessment
Section 147 authorises assessment or reassessment where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, subject to sections 148 to 153.
Read verified passage
If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment year
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 148(1), opening words
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 148: notice before reassessment
Within the preserved 1961 Act framework, section 148 requires a notice before reassessment and is expressly subject to section 148A.
Read verified passage
Before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under section 147, the Assessing Officer shall, subject to the provisions of section 148A
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 148A(1), opportunity of being heard
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 148A: opportunity before section 148 notice
Section 148A(1) generally requires a show-cause opportunity, with the information suggesting escaped income, before a section 148 notice.
Read verified passage
he shall, before issuing any notice under section 148 provide an opportunity of being heard to such assessee
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 151, as substituted with effect from 1 September 2024
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 151: specified authority
For the relevant version of section 151, the specified authority for sections 148 and 148A is an Additional or Joint Commissioner or Director.
Read verified passage
Specified authority for the purposes of sections 148 and 148A shall be the Additional Commissioner or the Additional Director
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 156(1), opening words
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 156: notice of demand
Section 156 requires a notice in the prescribed form specifying the sum payable when a sum becomes payable in consequence of an order.
Read verified passage
When any tax, interest, penalty, fine or any other sum is payable in consequence of any order passed under this Act
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
Currentness1961 Act · transition review required
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Section 536(2)(a)
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 536: repeal and savings
Section 536 repeals the 1961 Act while preserving its previous operation and specified rights, liabilities and proceedings.
Read verified passage
nothing shall affect the previous operation of the repealed Income-tax Act and orders or anything duly done or suffered thereunder
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent as of source date
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Central Board of Direct Taxes, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance · Topic 5, Q5.10, page 51
OFFICIAL SOURCETransition FAQ: pending reassessment under the 1961 Act
CBDT's transition FAQ states that an earlier-year reassessment already initiated under the 1961 Act and pending on 1 April 2026 continues under that Act.
Read verified passage
reassessment proceedings already initiated under the old Act will continue to be governed by the provisions of the Income Tax act, 1961
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent transition guidance
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Central Board of Direct Taxes, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance · Annexure, Q5, pages 2–3
OFFICIAL SOURCESection 536 FAQ: proceedings for tax years before April 2026
CBDT's July 2026 clarification addresses continued use of the 1961 Act for proceedings concerning tax years beginning before 1 April 2026, including proceedings initiated later.
Read verified passage
proceedings initiated on or after the 1st April, 2026 ... in respect of any tax year beginning before the 1st April, 2026
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent transition guidance
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Central Board of Direct Taxes, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance · Topic 5, Q5.12, page 52
OFFICIAL SOURCETransition FAQ: section 148A sequence crossing 1 April 2026
CBDT's FAQ says a section 148A(1) process begun before 1 April 2026 may continue under the 1961 Act, subject to section 149 limitation.
Read verified passage
the entire sequence of consequential actions — including the order under section 148A (3) and notice under section 148
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent transition guidance
ApplicabilityMatter-specific review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department e-Filing Portal · Overview
OFFICIAL SOURCEForm 35: appeal material identified by the portal manual
The Form 35 manual identifies the memorandum of appeal, statement of facts, grounds, appealed order and notice of demand as appeal material.
Read verified passage
An appeal is required to be filed along with Memorandum of Appeal, Statement of facts and the Grounds of appeal
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent as of source date
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department e-Filing Portal · Overview and section 3.4
OFFICIAL SOURCEe-Proceedings: view and respond to notices
The e-Proceedings manual describes how a registered user or authorised representative can view notices and submit responses and attachments through the portal.
Read verified passage
any registered user (or his Authorized Representative) can view and submit responses to any notice / intimation / letter
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent as of source date
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Income Tax Department e-Filing Portal · Overview and section 3.1
OFFICIAL SOURCEOutstanding demand: portal response workflow
The portal manual describes responses where a demand is accepted, already paid, or disputed in full or part, with a transaction record after submission.
Read verified passage
view and / or submit response to an outstanding demand on the e-Filing portal, and pay the outstanding demand
Why this matched
Included in the disclosed official-public corpus.
Retrieved2026-09-10
VerifiedSource + passage
CuratedYes
Lawyer reviewedNo
CurrentnessCurrent as of source date
ApplicabilityRelevant to review
CoverageListed sources
Judicial research · selected public sources
Authorities connected to the implemented tax issues
Search curated Supreme Court, High Court and ITAT authorities for unexplained credits, evidence and reassessment procedure. Read only excerpts with a verified source and pinpoint. Records with metadata only never substitute generated text for the judgment.
- Authorities
- 13
- Verified excerpts
- 11
- Forums
- 3
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Public research · read onlyMatter saves require an authorised private workspace
Open Research from a matter issue to save a source to that issue. Public research is read only.
Search result
13 authorities
13 of 13 judicial authorities shown.
Supreme Court
Principal Commissioner of Income Tax (Central)-1 v. NRA Iron & Steel Pvt. Ltd.
Civil Appeal No. 2463 of 2019 · 5 Mar 2019
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Primary evidentiary onus for identity, investor creditworthiness and genuineness where share capital or premium is examined under section 68.
Read verified source passage
the initial onus is on the Assessee to establish by cogent evidence the genuineness of the transaction, and credit-worthiness of the investors
Official judgment PDF p. 15, para 8.2
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Commissioner of Income Tax, Orissa v. Orissa Corporation (P) Ltd.
Civil Appeal Nos. 1379–1380 (NT) of 1974 · 19 Mar 1986
Legitimate public repositorySource + passage verified
Treatment of cash-credit evidence, creditor particulars and the limits of interference with a Tribunal finding based on some evidence.
Read verified source passage
cash credits which are not satisfactorily explained might be assessed as income
Repository judgment, reported pp. 984G–985C
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Commissioner of Income Tax v. P. Mohanakala
Civil Appeal No. 2540 of 2007 · 15 May 2007
Legitimate public repositorySource + passage verified
Objective formation of the assessing officer's opinion on an explanation concerning credits recorded in the assessee's books.
Read verified source passage
Application of mind is the sine qua non for forming the opinion.
Repository judgment, section 68 discussion following the reproduced provision
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Sumati Dayal v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bangalore
1995 Supp (2) SCC 453 · 28 Mar 1995
Legitimate public repositorySource + passage verified
Evaluation of an explanation for credited receipts against surrounding circumstances and human probabilities.
Read verified source passage
The matter has to be considered in the light of human probabilities.
Repository judgment, para 13
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. v. Income Tax Officer
Civil Appeal No. 7731 of 2002 · 25 Nov 2002
Legitimate public repositorySource + passage verified
Procedure after receipt of a section 148 notice, including reasons, objections and their disposal before reassessment proceeds.
Read verified source passage
the assessing officer is bound to dispose of the same by passing a speaking order
Repository judgment, final procedural direction
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax v. Rajesh Jhaveri Stock Brokers Pvt. Ltd.
Civil Appeal No. 2830 of 2007 · 23 May 2007
Legitimate public repositoryMetadata only
Scope of reassessment where the original return was processed by intimation under section 143(1), rather than assessed under section 143(3).
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Income Tax Officer v. Lakhmani Mewal Das
Civil Appeal No. 2526 of 1972 · 30 Mar 1976
Legitimate public repositorySource + passage verified
Required nexus between material available to the assessing officer and the belief that income escaped assessment.
Read verified source passage
Rational connection postulates that there must be a direct nexus or live link between the material
Repository judgment, reported p. 965B–D
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Chhugamal Rajpal v. S. P. Chaliha
Civil Appeal No. 1311 of 1967 · 21 Jan 1971
Legitimate public repositoryMetadata only
Recorded reasons and application of mind by the sanctioning authority before a section 148 notice is issued.
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Union of India v. Ashish Agarwal
2022 INSC 510 · 4 May 2022
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Treatment of reassessment notices issued under the former regime after 1 April 2021 and directions for the section 148A process.
Read verified source passage
shall be deemed to have been issued under section 148A
Official judgment PDF p. 27, direction (i)
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
Supreme Court
Union of India v. Rajeev Bansal
2024 INSC 754 · 3 Oct 2024
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Interplay of the reassessment regime, statutory time limits and the effect of non-compliance with jurisdictional preconditions.
Read verified source passage
A notice issued without complying with the preconditions is invalid as it affects the jurisdiction of the assessing officer.
Official judgment PDF p. 110, para 113
- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Jurisdiction
- India
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
ITAT
Khoobsoorat Fabrics Pvt. Ltd. v. Income Tax Officer
ITA No. 428/Del/2024 · 11 Sept 2024
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Whether disclosed cash sales, without more, support an addition under section 68 on the facts recorded by the Tribunal.
Read verified source passage
merely because the assessee has disclosed sales in cash this year would not be sufficient to tax such amount u/s 68
Official order PDF p. 22, para 5
- Court
- Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Delhi Bench SMC
- Jurisdiction
- Delhi (Tribunal)
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
High Court
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Nova Promoters & Finlease (P) Ltd.
2012:DHC:1057-DB · 15 Feb 2012
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Evidence evaluation for share-application credits where the record included investigation material concerning accommodation entries.
Read verified source passage
The evidence adduced by the assessee has to be examined not superficially but in depth
Official judgment PDF p. 15, para 18
- Court
- High Court of Delhi
- Jurisdiction
- Delhi
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed
High Court
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Oasis Hospitalities (Pvt.) Ltd.
2011:DHC:567-DB · 31 Jan 2011
Official court sourceSource + passage verified
Nature and source evidence for share-application money, including the inquiry into identity, creditworthiness and transaction genuineness.
Read verified source passage
burden of proof is on the assessee to provide nature and source of those receipts
Official judgment PDF p. 4, para 5
- Court
- High Court of Delhi
- Jurisdiction
- Delhi
- Retrieved
- 11 Sept 2026
- Review state
- Not lawyer reviewed